Halacha Notes

I only started taking notes around halfway through Bishul...so you're on your own for the beginning.

people want to use hot water on shabbos, and there’s a problem with turning on the hot water – because it activates the boiler to heat up the water, also when water comes into tank & is heated that’s bishul. If you turn off the hot water you avoid this problem. But you have to be careful because sometimes hot water can be yad soledes bo because if you wash the dishes in it itll be iroy kli rishon and that’s bishul – especially cups with liquid etc, or crumbs, (yesh bishul achar afiya) etc. It’s a kli rishon shehusar min ha’aish (removed from the fire) – that’s tuldas ha’eish

iruy kli rishon can be mevashel – and therefore it is a melacha min hatorah – lets say you want to warm up water that is freezing – if you’re doing to add a small amount of hot water to a big amount of cold water, it will be cooled off right away past yad soledes bo – so once its not yad soledes bo there’s no koach habishul. (but if there’s ice in it a little different because the hot water has to MIX with the cold water right away, but the ice doesn’t mix with the hot water – the hot water cooks the ice.)

cant do iruy kli rishon on any uncooked food or precooked lach that has completely cooled off. Or on something baked because yesh bishul achar afiya.
There’s one type of food that poskim are machmir and say that even when it’s out of kli rishon (iruy kli rishon) and even when its in kli sheini its considered as kli rishon – gush – a clump. For example – that’s considered kli rishon even if its in kli sheini. Because a solid food retains heat longer than a liquid. But if it’s soup that’s liquid but there’s gush in the soup like a carot or potato, it’s still considered kli sheini – treat it as liquid.
Q: If kli sheini is really kli rishon, is kli shlishi really sheini etc?
A: No – it only applies in the kli sheini. Once it’s in a kli shlishi, all poskim say you can treat it as kli shlishi.

KLI SHEINI
Kli rishon & iruy kli rishon both have the ability to cook all types of food.
Kli sheini does not have the ability to cook all types of food.
Types of foods:
Kshei habishul – it’s harder to cook them – ex: water
Kalei habishul – it’s easier to cook them – ex: eggs

Kli sheini only has the ability to cook kalei habishul. What do you do if you don’t know where to draw the line and you’re not sure which category it is? Since you’re dealing with an issur min hatorah you have to be machmir. You have to always assume its kalei habishul except for a few exceptions that are specifically kshei habishul.
They are:
Water, oil, alter rebbe says the same halacha applies to all liquids (even something not precooked) tavlin = spices,
How do we define spices? Foods that are not eaten as foods added for flavor – alter rebbe includes onion & garlic

dealing with practical situations:
1. can your source of heat cook?
2. is your food subject to bishul?

You can’t dip challah in soup because 1) kli rishon can cook 2) yesh bishul achar afiya
Soup crutons – if soup is kli sheini can only put in if they are fried – deep frying is considered bishul - Ain bishul achar bishul byavesh

most poksim say salt, sugar, cocoa powder is a yavesh – the alter rebbe says any yavesh that will dissolve is to be treated as a lach
yesh bishul achar bishul blach shenitztanen lgamri – and is not eaten machmas chamimuso
be careful not to warm up a yavesh that you’ll warm up to yad soledes bo, and there will be juice that will dissolve, that juice is considered a lach – and yesh bishul achar bishul blav

yavesh shenimoach – a dry thing that will dissolve – and is subject to bishul achar bishul
ain bishul achar bishul byavesh
if a lach is still warm enough to eat it’s not subject to bishul
if a lach is cool – nitztanen lgamri- yesh bishul achar bishul blach

kli sheini rotayach – boiling hot
many poskim say that a kli sheini that is boiling hot, you have to be machmir and treat it as a kli rishon
so even though water is kshei habishul and can be put into a kli sheini – but if the soup/tea is too hot that it’ll burn you and you want to cool it off, you can’t add water to cool it off, because it’s considered a kli rishon.
Can’t add noodles to a soup that’s kli sheini rotayach.
All the poskim agree that when a kli sheini rotayach is poured into a kli shlishi, it’s a kli shlishi (whether it can burn your tongue or not)

this is why it’s always preferable that if you’re serving a hot liquid on shabbos to make sure it’s

the safest place to leave the ladle is in the soup – if the moisture on it is cold then its bishul achar bishul to put it back it

IRUY KLI SHEINI
iruy kli sheini can cook a type of food that only need a minimal amount of heat to complete their preparation.
Dag malei’ach – fish that was cooked
used to be that salt was the only preservative – and in order to get rid of the salt they would douse it in hot water
Raw eggs – can’t pour iruy kli sheini on them

KLI SHLISHI
In general kli shlishi has no koach habishul. “Instant” anything shouldn’t be put into a kli shlishi.

Warming a baby bottle – usually make with hot water – have to avoil bishul and losh
Iruy kli rishon is exactly the same as kli rishon in regards to which foods can be cooked – so can’t do it on formula
Can’t add it to kli sheini because we don’t know if it’s kalei habishul
You can do iruy kli sheini on formula

What about warming up a bottle that’s already made?
Can’t do iruy kli rishon into the cold bottle – the most you could do is iruy kli sheini into the bottle
Putting kli sheini into a bowl – but its rotayach – and put the bottle in the bowl – you can even though it’s rotayach, you’re just warming, not cooking
You’re not allowed to do iruy kli rishon onto the bottle in a bowl, because iruy kli rishon is only mevashel kdei klipa – and the klipa is plastic, not food

not allowed to leave uncooked food on an open flame on shabbos – have to make it grufa uktuma – reduced & put sand/dirt over coals = a blech
how much is considered uncooked? (on an open flame)
1/3 cooked – alter rebbe
½ cooked – rambam
mitztanek vayipaleh – If it will enhance it by being on the stove - beis yosef
Electrical appliances: if it has a dial you have to cover the source of heat and some also say the dial – it helps a person remember not to adjust the flame.
In practice today: try that your food should be fully cooked before shabbos – plus make sure you have a blech
This is for practical reasons: as long as food is not fully cooked, you still have hilchos mevashel – if food won’t be fully cooked you can’t lift the lid and put back on – it enhances the cooking – or if you want to move the pot on blech closer to fire – etc – that will also enhance cooking
Even if food is fully cooked you should still have a blech because one of the conditions to put food back on the fire is that it has to be gerufa uktumah – covered –
If it comes to Friday night and you realize theres no blech and your food isn’t fully cooked you MUST take the food off – its an issur drabanan to leave it on. If it’s close to shabbos and you didn’t make the cholent yet, you’re allowed to start the cooking before shabbos and continue it onto shabbos as long as its gerufa uktuma.
Have to be very careful not to aid the cooking process in any way because it’s not fully cooked.
What if you went somewhere and don’t have a blech?
You can make a temporary one out of a foil pan, a few sheets of tinfoil (one isn’t enough)
What should you do if you don’t have anything to make a blech with? Bshaas hadchak – if you don’t have a choice – you can rely on the opinion that if it’s at least 1/3 cooked you can put it on fire
In order for water to be cooked enough to be on an open flame it has to be yad soledes bo – if an urn doesn’t have a dial it doesn’t need gerufa uktumah